/*
    * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
    * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
    * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
    * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
    * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
    * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
    *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  
  package org.apache.commons.numbers.arrays;
  
  /**
   * Select indices in array data.
   *
   * <p>Arranges elements such that indices {@code k} correspond to their correctly
   * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array. For all indices {@code k}
   * and any index {@code i}:
   *
   * <pre>{@code
   * data[i < k] <= data[k] <= data[k < i]
   * }</pre>
   *
   * <p>Examples:
   *
   * <pre>
   * data    [0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 5, 2, 3, 3, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7]
   *
   *
   * k=4   : [0, 2, 1, 1], [2], [6, 3, 2, 3, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7]
   * k=4,8 : [0, 1, 2, 1], [2], [3, 3, 2], [5], [7, 7, 6, 7, 7]
   * </pre>
   *
   * <p>Notes:
   *
   * <ul>
   * <li>The algorithm does not require that all data with a value equal to the target index
   *     are ordered consecutively in a range containing the target index.
   * <li>The algorithm may reorder any part of the array above and below the target indices.
   * <li>Correct usage for multiple target indices should not call multiple times with each
   *     index but instead call selection only once with all indices. Use of consecutive calls
   *     can reorder previously selected indices.
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p>Selection on multiple indices will handle duplicate and
   * unordered indices. The method detects ordered indices (with or without duplicates) and
   * uses this during processing. Passing ordered indices is recommended if the order is already
   * known; for example using uniform spacing through the array data, or to select the top and
   * bottom {@code n} values from the data.
   *
   * <p>Implementation details
   *
   * <p>A quickselect adaptive method is used for single indices. This uses analysis of the
   * partition sizes after each division to update the algorithm mode. If the partition
   * containing the target does not sufficiently reduce in size then the algorithm is
   * progressively changed to use partitions with guaranteed margins. This ensures a set fraction
   * of data is eliminated each step and worse-case linear run time performance. This method can
   * handle a range of indices {@code [ka, kb]} with a small separation by targeting the start of
   * the range {@code ka} and then selecting the remaining elements {@code (ka, kb]} that are at
   * the edge of the partition bounded by {@code ka}.
   *
   * <p>Multiple keys are partitioned collectively using an introsort method which only recurses
   * into partitions containing indices. Excess recursion will trigger use of a heapselect
   * on the remaining range of indices ensuring non-quadratic worse case performance. Any
   * partition containing a single index, adjacent pair of indices, or range of indices with a
   * small separation will use the quickselect adaptive method for single keys. Note that the
   * maximum number of times that {@code n} indices can be split is {@code n - 1} before all
   * indices are handled as singles.
   *
   * <p>Floating-point order
   *
   * <p>The {@code <} relation does not impose a total order on all floating-point values.
   * This class respects the ordering imposed by {@link Double#compare(double, double)}.
   * {@code -0.0} is treated as less than value {@code 0.0}; {@code Double.NaN} is
   * considered greater than any other value; and all {@code Double.NaN} values are
   * considered equal.
   *
   * <p>References
   *
   * <p>Quickselect is introduced in Hoare [1]. This selects an element {@code k} from {@code n}
   * using repeat division of the data around a partition element, recursing into the
   * partition that contains {@code k}.
   *
   * <p>Introsort/select is introduced in Musser [2]. This detects excess recursion in
   * quicksort/select and reverts to a heapsort or linear select to achieve an improved worst
   * case bound.
   *
   * <p>Use of sampling to identify a pivot that places {@code k} in the smaller partition is
   * performed in the SELECT algorithm of Floyd and Rivest [3, 4].
   *
   * <p>A worst-case linear time algorithm PICK is described in Blum <i>et al</i> [5]. This uses
   * the median of medians as a partition element for selection which ensures a minimum fraction of
  * the elements are eliminated per iteration. This was extended to use an asymmetric pivot choice
  * with efficient placement of the medians sample location in the QuickselectAdpative algorithm of
  * Alexandrescu [6].
  *
  * <ol>
  * <li>Hoare (1961)
  * Algorithm 65: Find
  * <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F366622.366647">Comm. ACM. 4 (7): 321–322</a></li>
  * <li>Musser (1999)
  * Introspective Sorting and Selection Algorithms
  * <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-024X(199708)27:8%3C983::AID-SPE117%3E3.0.CO;2-%23">
  * Software: Practice and Experience 27, 983-993.</a></li>
  * <li>Floyd and Rivest (1975)
  * Algorithm 489: The Algorithm SELECT—for Finding the ith Smallest of n elements.
  * Comm. ACM. 18 (3): 173.</li>
  * <li>Kiwiel (2005)
  * On Floyd and Rivest's SELECT algorithm.
  * Theoretical Computer Science 347, 214-238.</li>
  * <li>Blum, Floyd, Pratt, Rivest, and Tarjan (1973)
  * Time bounds for selection.
  * <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-0000%2873%2980033-9">
  * Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 7 (4): 448–461</a>.</li>
  * <li>Alexandrescu (2016)
  * Fast Deterministic Selection
  * <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.00484">arXiv:1606.00484</a>.</li>
  * <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickselect">Quickselect (Wikipedia)</a></li>
  * <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introsort">Introsort (Wikipedia)</a></li>
  * <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introselect">Introselect (Wikipedia)</a></li>
  * <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd%E2%80%93Rivest_algorithm">Floyd-Rivest algorithm (Wikipedia)</a></li>
  * <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_of_medians">Median of medians (Wikipedia)</a></li>
  * </ol>
  *
  * @since 1.2
  */
 public final class Selection {
 
     /** No instances. */
     private Selection() {}
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that index {@code k} corresponds to its correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * @param a Values.
      * @param k Index.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if index {@code k} is not within the
      * sub-range {@code [0, a.length)}
      */
     public static void select(double[] a, int k) {
         IndexSupport.checkIndex(0, a.length, k);
         doSelect(a, 0, a.length, k);
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that indices {@code k} correspond to their correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * @param a Values.
      * @param k Indices (may be destructively modified).
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index {@code k} is not within the
      * sub-range {@code [0, a.length)}
      */
     public static void select(double[] a, int[] k) {
         IndexSupport.checkIndices(0, a.length, k);
         doSelect(a, 0, a.length, k);
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that index {@code k} corresponds to its correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * @param a Values.
      * @param fromIndex Index of the first element (inclusive).
      * @param toIndex Index of the last element (exclusive).
      * @param k Index.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the sub-range {@code [fromIndex, toIndex)} is out of
      * bounds of range {@code [0, a.length)}; or if index {@code k} is not within the
      * sub-range {@code [fromIndex, toIndex)}
      */
     public static void select(double[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, int k) {
         IndexSupport.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a.length);
         IndexSupport.checkIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, k);
         doSelect(a, fromIndex, toIndex, k);
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that indices {@code k} correspond to their correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * @param a Values.
      * @param fromIndex Index of the first element (inclusive).
      * @param toIndex Index of the last element (exclusive).
      * @param k Indices (may be destructively modified).
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the sub-range {@code [fromIndex, toIndex)} is out of
      * bounds of range {@code [0, a.length)}; or if any index {@code k} is not within the
      * sub-range {@code [fromIndex, toIndex)}
      */
     public static void select(double[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, int[] k) {
         IndexSupport.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a.length);
         IndexSupport.checkIndices(fromIndex, toIndex, k);
         doSelect(a, fromIndex, toIndex, k);
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that index {@code k} corresponds to its correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * <p>This method pre/post-processes the data and indices to respect the ordering
      * imposed by {@link Double#compare(double, double)}.
      *
      * @param fromIndex Index of the first element (inclusive).
      * @param toIndex Index of the last element (exclusive).
      * @param a Values.
      * @param k Index.
      */
     private static void doSelect(double[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, int k) {
         if (toIndex - fromIndex <= 1) {
             return;
         }
         // Sort NaN / count signed zeros.
         // Caution: This loop contributes significantly to the runtime.
         int cn = 0;
         int end = toIndex;
         for (int i = toIndex; --i >= fromIndex;) {
             final double v = a[i];
             // Count negative zeros using a sign bit check
             if (Double.doubleToRawLongBits(v) == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
                 cn++;
                 // Change to positive zero.
                 // Data must be repaired after selection.
                 a[i] = 0.0;
             } else if (v != v) {
                 // Move NaN to end
                 a[i] = a[--end];
                 a[end] = v;
             }
         }
 
         // Partition
         if (end - fromIndex > 1 && k < end) {
             QuickSelect.select(a, fromIndex, end - 1, k);
         }
 
         // Restore signed zeros
         if (cn != 0) {
             // Use partition index below zero to fast-forward to zero as much as possible
             for (int j = a[k] < 0 ? k : -1;;) {
                 if (a[++j] == 0) {
                     a[j] = -0.0;
                     if (--cn == 0) {
                         break;
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that indices {@code k} correspond to their correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * <p>This method pre/post-processes the data and indices to respect the ordering
      * imposed by {@link Double#compare(double, double)}.
      *
      * @param fromIndex Index of the first element (inclusive).
      * @param toIndex Index of the last element (exclusive).
      * @param a Values.
      * @param k Indices (may be destructively modified).
      */
     private static void doSelect(double[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, int[] k) {
         if (k.length == 0 || toIndex - fromIndex <= 1) {
             return;
         }
         // Sort NaN / count signed zeros.
         // Caution: This loop contributes significantly to the runtime for single indices.
         int cn = 0;
         int end = toIndex;
         for (int i = toIndex; --i >= fromIndex;) {
             final double v = a[i];
             // Count negative zeros using a sign bit check
             if (Double.doubleToRawLongBits(v) == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
                 cn++;
                 // Change to positive zero.
                 // Data must be repaired after selection.
                 a[i] = 0.0;
             } else if (v != v) {
                 // Move NaN to end
                 a[i] = a[--end];
                 a[end] = v;
             }
         }
 
         // Partition
         int n = 0;
         if (end - fromIndex > 1) {
             n = k.length;
             // Filter indices invalidated by NaN check
             if (end < toIndex) {
                 for (int i = n; --i >= 0;) {
                     final int index = k[i];
                     if (index >= end) {
                         // Move to end
                         k[i] = k[--n];
                         k[n] = index;
                     }
                 }
             }
             // Return n, the count of used indices in k.
             // Use this to post-process zeros.
             n = QuickSelect.select(a, fromIndex, end - 1, k, n);
         }
 
         // Restore signed zeros
         if (cn != 0) {
             // Use partition indices below zero to fast-forward to zero as much as possible
             int j = -1;
             if (n < 0) {
                 // Binary search on -n sorted indices: hi = (-n) - 1
                 int lo = 0;
                 int hi = ~n;
                 while (lo <= hi) {
                     final int mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
                     if (a[k[mid]] < 0) {
                         j = mid;
                         lo = mid + 1;
                     } else {
                         hi = mid - 1;
                     }
                 }
             } else {
                 // Unsorted, process all indices
                 for (int i = n; --i >= 0;) {
                     if (a[k[i]] < 0) {
                         j = k[i];
                     }
                 }
             }
             for (;;) {
                 if (a[++j] == 0) {
                     a[j] = -0.0;
                     if (--cn == 0) {
                         break;
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that index {@code k} corresponds to its correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * @param a Values.
      * @param k Index.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if index {@code k} is not within the
      * sub-range {@code [0, a.length)}
      */
     public static void select(int[] a, int k) {
         IndexSupport.checkIndex(0, a.length, k);
         if (a.length <= 1) {
             return;
         }
         QuickSelect.select(a, 0, a.length - 1, k);
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that indices {@code k} correspond to their correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * @param a Values.
      * @param k Indices (may be destructively modified).
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index {@code k} is not within the
      * sub-range {@code [0, a.length)}
      */
     public static void select(int[] a, int[] k) {
         IndexSupport.checkIndices(0, a.length, k);
         if (k.length == 0 || a.length <= 1) {
             return;
         }
         QuickSelect.select(a, 0, a.length - 1, k, k.length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that index {@code k} corresponds to its correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * @param a Values.
      * @param fromIndex Index of the first element (inclusive).
      * @param toIndex Index of the last element (exclusive).
      * @param k Index.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the sub-range {@code [fromIndex, toIndex)} is out of
      * bounds of range {@code [0, a.length)}; or if index {@code k} is not within the
      * sub-range {@code [fromIndex, toIndex)}
      */
     public static void select(int[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, int k) {
         IndexSupport.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a.length);
         IndexSupport.checkIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, k);
         if (toIndex - fromIndex <= 1) {
             return;
         }
         QuickSelect.select(a, fromIndex, toIndex - 1, k);
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that indices {@code k} correspond to their correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * @param a Values.
      * @param fromIndex Index of the first element (inclusive).
      * @param toIndex Index of the last element (exclusive).
      * @param k Indices (may be destructively modified).
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the sub-range {@code [fromIndex, toIndex)} is out of
      * bounds of range {@code [0, a.length)}; or if any index {@code k} is not within the
      * sub-range {@code [fromIndex, toIndex)}
      */
     public static void select(int[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, int[] k) {
         IndexSupport.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a.length);
         IndexSupport.checkIndices(fromIndex, toIndex, k);
         if (k.length == 0 || toIndex - fromIndex <= 1) {
             return;
         }
         QuickSelect.select(a, fromIndex, toIndex - 1, k, k.length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that index {@code k} corresponds to its correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * @param a Values.
      * @param k Index.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if index {@code k} is not within the
      * sub-range {@code [0, a.length)}
      * @since 1.3
      */
     public static void select(long[] a, int k) {
         IndexSupport.checkIndex(0, a.length, k);
         if (a.length <= 1) {
             return;
         }
         QuickSelect.select(a, 0, a.length - 1, k);
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that indices {@code k} correspond to their correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * @param a Values.
      * @param k Indices (may be destructively modified).
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if any index {@code k} is not within the
      * sub-range {@code [0, a.length)}
      * @since 1.3
      */
     public static void select(long[] a, int[] k) {
         IndexSupport.checkIndices(0, a.length, k);
         if (k.length == 0 || a.length <= 1) {
             return;
         }
         QuickSelect.select(a, 0, a.length - 1, k, k.length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that index {@code k} corresponds to its correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * @param a Values.
      * @param fromIndex Index of the first element (inclusive).
      * @param toIndex Index of the last element (exclusive).
      * @param k Index.
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the sub-range {@code [fromIndex, toIndex)} is out of
      * bounds of range {@code [0, a.length)}; or if index {@code k} is not within the
      * sub-range {@code [fromIndex, toIndex)}
      * @since 1.3
      */
     public static void select(long[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, int k) {
         IndexSupport.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a.length);
         IndexSupport.checkIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, k);
         if (toIndex - fromIndex <= 1) {
             return;
         }
         QuickSelect.select(a, fromIndex, toIndex - 1, k);
     }
 
     /**
      * Partition the array such that indices {@code k} correspond to their correctly
      * sorted value in the equivalent fully sorted array.
      *
      * @param a Values.
      * @param fromIndex Index of the first element (inclusive).
      * @param toIndex Index of the last element (exclusive).
      * @param k Indices (may be destructively modified).
      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the sub-range {@code [fromIndex, toIndex)} is out of
      * bounds of range {@code [0, a.length)}; or if any index {@code k} is not within the
      * sub-range {@code [fromIndex, toIndex)}
      * @since 1.3
      */
     public static void select(long[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, int[] k) {
         IndexSupport.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, a.length);
         IndexSupport.checkIndices(fromIndex, toIndex, k);
         if (k.length == 0 || toIndex - fromIndex <= 1) {
             return;
         }
         QuickSelect.select(a, fromIndex, toIndex - 1, k, k.length);
     }
 }