/*
    * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
    * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
    * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
    * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
    * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
    * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
    *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  package org.apache.commons.jexl3.introspection;
  
  import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
  import java.lang.reflect.Field;
  import java.lang.reflect.Method;
  import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.Collection;
  import java.util.HashSet;
  import java.util.Objects;
  import java.util.Set;
  import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
  import java.util.stream.Collectors;
  
  import org.apache.commons.jexl3.internal.introspection.PermissionsParser;
  import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
  import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
  
  /**
   * This interface describes permissions used by JEXL introspection that constrain which
   * packages/classes/constructors/fields/methods are made visible to JEXL scripts.
   * <p>By specifying or implementing permissions, it is possible to constrain precisely which objects can be manipulated
   * by JEXL, allowing users to enter their own expressions or scripts whilst maintaining tight control
   * over what can be executed. JEXL introspection mechanism will check whether it is permitted to
   * access a constructor, method or field before exposition to the {@link JexlUberspect}. The restrictions
   * are applied in all cases, for any {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.introspection.JexlUberspect.ResolverStrategy}.
   * </p>
   * <p><strong>Security disclaimer.</strong> Neither {@link #RESTRICTED} nor {@link #SECURE} is exhaustive, and neither
   * must be considered completely safe or sufficient on its own for executing untrusted user input. They are hardened
   * baselines, not guarantees. Any application that evaluates untrusted scripts <em>must</em> define its own tailored,
   * strict whitelist of exactly the classes, methods and fields its scripts legitimately need - ideally by composing on
   * top of {@link #NONE} (which denies everything) via {@link #create(String...)} / {@link #compose(String...)} - and
   * audit the result with {@link #logging()}.</p>
   * <p>This complements using a dedicated {@link ClassLoader} and/or {@link SecurityManager} - being deprecated -
   * and possibly {@link JexlSandbox} with a simpler mechanism. The {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.annotations.NoJexl}
   * annotation processing is actually performed using the result of calling {@link #parse(String...)} with no arguments;
   * implementations shall delegate calls to its methods for {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.annotations.NoJexl} to be
   * processed.</p>
   * <p>A simple textual configuration can be used to create user-defined permissions using
   * {@link JexlPermissions#parse(String...)}. The permission syntax supports both positive (+) and negative (-)
   * declarations:</p>
   * <ul>
   * <li><b>Negative restrictions ({@code -})</b>: By default or when prefixed with {@code -}, class restrictions
   * explicitly <b>deny</b> access to the specified members (or the entire class if the block is empty).
   * This is the default mode and works like {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.annotations.NoJexl}.</li>
   * <li><b>Positive restrictions ({@code +})</b>: When prefixed with {@code +}, class restrictions
   * explicitly <b>allow only</b> the specified members (or the entire class if the block is empty), denying
   * all others. This provides a whitelist approach where you must explicitly list what is permitted.</li>
   * </ul>
   * <p>For example:</p>
   * <pre>
   * // Deny specific methods in a class (negative restriction - default)
   * java.lang { System { exit(); } }  // or -System { exit(); }
   *
   * // Allow only specific methods in a class (positive restriction)
   * java.lang { +System { currentTimeMillis(); nanoTime(); } }
   *
   * // Allow entire class (positive restriction with empty block)
   * java.io -{ +PrintWriter{} +Writer{} }
   * </pre>
   *
   * <p>To build a policy from scratch, start from {@link #NONE} (or {@link #create(String...)}), which denies
   * everything, and compose only what scripts need on top - the closed-world, deny-by-default approach. This is the
   * opposite of {@link #UNRESTRICTED} (the empty {@link #parse(String...)}), which allows everything.</p>
   *
   *<p>To instantiate a JEXL engine using permissions, one should use a {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlBuilder}
   * and call {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlBuilder#permissions(JexlPermissions)}. Another approach would
   * be to instantiate a {@link JexlUberspect} with those permissions and call
   * {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlBuilder#uberspect(JexlUberspect)}.</p>
   *
   * <p>
   *     To help migration from earlier versions, it is possible to revert to the JEXL 3.2 default lenient behavior
   *     by calling {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlBuilder#setDefaultPermissions(JexlPermissions)} with
   *     {@link #UNRESTRICTED} as parameter before creating a JEXL engine instance.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   *     For the same reason, using JEXL through scripting, it is possible to revert the underlying JEXL behavior to
   *     JEXL 3.2 default by calling {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.scripting.JexlScriptEngine#setPermissions(JexlPermissions)}
   *     with {@link #UNRESTRICTED} as parameter.
   * </p>
   *
   * @since 3.3
   */
 public interface JexlPermissions {
 
     /**
      * A permission delegation that augments the RESTRICTED permission with an explicit
      * set of classes.
      * <p>A typical use case is to deny access to a package - and thus all its classes - but allow
      * a few specific classes.</p>
      * <p>Note that the newer positive restriction syntax is preferable as in:
      * <code>RESTRICTED.compose("java.lang { +Class {} }")</code>.</p>
      */
     final class ClassPermissions extends JexlPermissions.Delegate {
       /**
        * The set of explicitly allowed classes, overriding the delegate permissions.
        */
       private final Set<String> allowedClasses;
 
       /**
        * Creates permissions based on the RESTRICTED set but allowing an explicit set.
        *
        * @param allow the set of allowed classes
        */
       public ClassPermissions(final Class<?>... allow) {
         this(JexlPermissions.RESTRICTED, allow);
       }
 
       /**
        * Creates permissions by augmenting an existing set with an explicit set of allowed classes.
        * @param permissions the base permissions to augment
        * @param allow the set of allowed classes
        */
       public ClassPermissions(final JexlPermissions permissions, final Class<?>... allow) {
         this(permissions, Arrays.stream(Objects.requireNonNull(allow)).map(Class::getCanonicalName).collect(Collectors.toList()));
       }
 
       /**
        * Creates permissions by augmenting an existing set with an explicit set of allowed canonical class names.
        *
        * @param delegate the base to delegate to
        * @param allow    the list of class canonical names
        */
       public ClassPermissions(final JexlPermissions delegate, final Collection<String> allow) {
         super(Objects.requireNonNull(delegate));
         allowedClasses = new HashSet<>(Objects.requireNonNull(allow));
       }
 
       @Override
       public boolean allow(final Constructor<?> constructor) {
         return validate(constructor) &&
             (allowedClasses.contains(constructor.getDeclaringClass().getCanonicalName()) || super.allow(constructor));
       }
 
       @Override
       public boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz) {
         return validate(clazz) &&
             (allowedClasses.contains(clazz.getCanonicalName()) || super.allow(clazz));
       }
 
       @Override
       public boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz, final Field field) {
         if (!validate(field)) {
           return false;
         }
         if (!validate(clazz)) {
           return false;
         }
         if (!field.getDeclaringClass().isAssignableFrom(clazz)) {
           return false;
         }
         if (super.allow(clazz, field)) {
           return true;
         }
         return isClassAllowed(clazz);
       }
 
       @Override
       public boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz, final Method method) {
         if (!validate(method)) {
           return false;
         }
         if (!method.getDeclaringClass().isAssignableFrom(clazz)) {
           return false;
         }
         if (super.allow(clazz, method)) {
           return true;
         }
         return isClassAllowed(clazz);
       }
 
       @Override
       public JexlPermissions compose(final String... src) {
         return new ClassPermissions(base.compose(src), allowedClasses);
       }
 
       private boolean isClassAllowed(final Class<?> aClass) {
         Class<?> clazz = aClass;
         // let's walk all interfaces
         for (final Class<?> inter : clazz.getInterfaces()) {
           if (allowedClasses.contains(inter.getCanonicalName())) {
             return true;
           }
         }
         // let's walk all super classes
         while (clazz != null) {
           if (allowedClasses.contains(clazz.getCanonicalName())) {
             return true;
           }
           clazz = clazz.getSuperclass();
         }
         return false;
       }
     }
 
     /**
      * A base for permission delegation allowing functional refinement.
      * Overloads should call the appropriate validate() method early in their body.
      */
     class Delegate implements JexlPermissions {
         /**
          * The permissions we delegate to.
          */
         protected final JexlPermissions base;
 
         /**
          * Constructs a new instance.
          *
          * @param delegate the delegate.
          */
         protected Delegate(final JexlPermissions delegate) {
             base = delegate;
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz) {
             return base.allow(clazz);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Constructor<?> ctor) {
             return base.allow(ctor);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Field field) {
             return validate(field) && allow(field.getDeclaringClass(), field);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz, final Field field) {
             return base.allow(clazz, field);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Method method) {
             return validate(method) && allow(method.getDeclaringClass(), method);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz, final Method method) {
             return base.allow(clazz, method);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Package pack) {
             return base.allow(pack);
         }
 
         @Override
         public JexlPermissions compose(final String... src) {
             return new Delegate(base.compose(src));
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * A permission delegate that logs every allow/deny decision.
      * <p>This is a debugging aid to determine which reflective elements (classes, constructors, methods, fields)
      * a permission set allows or denies; wrap any permissions with {@link JexlPermissions#logging()} (or
      * {@link JexlPermissions#logging(String)} to pick the logger name) and inspect the log to diagnose why a
      * given object is or is not reachable from scripts.</p>
      *
      * @since 3.7.0
      */
     class LoggingPermissions extends Delegate {
         /** The logger that decisions are written to (at info level). */
         private final Log logger;
         /** The set of already-emitted log lines, so each decision is logged only once. */
         private final Set<String> logged = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
 
         /**
          * Constructs an instance logging to a logger named after this class.
          *
          * @param delegate the permissions to delegate to
          */
         public LoggingPermissions(final JexlPermissions delegate) {
             this(LogFactory.getLog(LoggingPermissions.class), delegate);
         }
 
         /**
          * Constructs an instance logging to a named logger.
          *
          * @param loggerName the name of the logger to use
          * @param delegate the permissions to delegate to
          */
         public LoggingPermissions(final String loggerName, final JexlPermissions delegate) {
             this(LogFactory.getLog(loggerName), delegate);
         }
 
         /**
          * Constructs an instance with an explicit logger.
          *
          * @param log the logger
          * @param delegate the permissions to delegate to
          */
         protected LoggingPermissions(final Log log, final JexlPermissions delegate) {
             super(delegate);
             this.logger = log;
         }
 
         /**
          * Logs a decision once: the first time a given message is seen, it is written to the logger;
          * subsequent identical messages are suppressed.
          *
          * @param allowed the decision to return
          * @param message the message to log
          * @return the decision
          */
         private boolean log(final boolean allowed, final String message) {
             if (logged.add(message)) {
                 logger.info(message);
             }
             return allowed;
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz) {
             final boolean allowed = super.allow(clazz);
             return log(allowed, String.format("Class %s is %s",
                 clazz.getCanonicalName(), allowed ? "allowed" : "denied"));
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Constructor<?> ctor) {
             final boolean allowed = super.allow(ctor);
             return log(allowed, String.format("Constructor %s.%s() is %s",
                 ctor.getDeclaringClass().getCanonicalName(), ctor.getName(),
                 allowed ? "allowed" : "denied"));
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Field field) {
             final boolean allowed = super.allow(field);
             return log(allowed, String.format("Field %s.%s is %s",
                 field.getDeclaringClass().getCanonicalName(), field.getName(),
                 allowed ? "allowed" : "denied"));
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz, final Field field) {
             final boolean allowed = super.allow(clazz, field);
             return log(allowed, String.format("Field %s.%s is %s for class %s",
                 field.getDeclaringClass().getCanonicalName(), field.getName(),
                 allowed ? "allowed" : "denied", clazz.getCanonicalName()));
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Method method) {
             final boolean allowed = super.allow(method);
             return log(allowed, String.format("Method %s.%s() is %s",
                 method.getDeclaringClass().getCanonicalName(), method.getName(),
                 allowed ? "allowed" : "denied"));
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz, final Method method) {
             final boolean allowed = super.allow(clazz, method);
             return log(allowed, String.format("Method %s.%s() is %s for class %s",
                 method.getDeclaringClass().getCanonicalName(), method.getName(),
                 allowed ? "allowed" : "denied", clazz.getCanonicalName()));
         }
 
         @Override
         public JexlPermissions compose(final String... src) {
             return new LoggingPermissions(logger, base.compose(src));
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * The unrestricted permissions.
      * <p>This enables any public class, method, constructor or field to be visible to JEXL and used in scripts.</p>
      * <p>It is <em>highly</em> discouraged to use this permissions outside of testing.</p>
      * @since 3.3
      */
     JexlPermissions UNRESTRICTED = JexlPermissions.parse();
 
     /**
      * A permission set that denies everything: the empty base to build permissions from scratch.
      * <p>Unlike {@link #UNRESTRICTED} (the empty {@link #parse(String...)}, which allows everything), NONE allows
      * nothing. Compose positive declarations on top to grant access, for example:</p>
      * <pre>JexlPermissions.NONE.compose("java.lang { +String{} }")</pre>
      * <p>or use the {@link #create(String...)} factory. This is the recommended starting point when you want
      * a closed-world, deny-by-default policy listing only what your scripts actually need.</p>
      * @since 3.7.0
      */
     JexlPermissions NONE = new JexlPermissions() {
         @Override public boolean allow(final Package pack)        { return false; }
         @Override public boolean allow(final Class<?> clazz)      { return false; }
         @Override public boolean allow(final Constructor<?> ctor) { return false; }
         @Override public boolean allow(final Field field)         { return false; }
         @Override public boolean allow(final Method method)       { return false; }
         @Override public JexlPermissions compose(final String... src) {
             // NONE has no state to merge; composing rules builds a closed-world set from scratch
             return src == null || src.length == 0 ? this : JexlPermissions.parse(src);
         }
     };
 
     /**
      * A restricted singleton.
      * <p>The RESTRICTED set is built using the following allowed packages and denied packages/classes.</p>
      * <p>
      * RESTRICTED attempts to strike a balance between reasonable out-of-the-box isolation and allowing most
      * legitimate features; it is convenient when scripts need a broad slice of the JDK. In a mission-critical
      * scenario, prefer {@link #SECURE} as a base instead and {@link #compose(String...) compose} only what your
      * scripts actually need on top of it. Be aware that the isolation RESTRICTED provides may be incomplete and
      * could expose more than intended; should such a case be identified, we will endeavour to resolve it in a
      * subsequent release. Use {@link #logging()} to audit exactly which elements your workload reaches.
      * </p>
      * <p>RESTRICTED is not exhaustive and must not be considered sufficient on its own for executing untrusted user
      * input. For untrusted scripts, define a tailored, strict whitelist of exactly what your scripts need - ideally
      * composed on top of {@link #NONE} - rather than relying on RESTRICTED as-is.</p>
      * <p>Of particular importance are the restrictions on the {@link System},
      * {@link Runtime}, {@link ProcessBuilder}, {@link Class} and those on {@link java.net},
      * {@link java.io} and {@link java.lang.reflect} that should provide a decent level of isolation between the scripts
      * and its host.
      * </p>
      * <p>
      * Every allowed package is declared explicitly using the positive {@code +{}} syntax rather than a
      * {@code .*} wildcard. A wildcard matches a package <em>and all of its sub-packages</em>, which is not
      * future-proof: a sub-package added by a later JDK (or a dangerous existing one such as
      * {@code java.util.zip}/{@code java.util.jar} - which can read files - or {@code java.nio.file}) would be
      * silently exposed. Listing each package explicitly keeps the perimeter closed: only the packages below are
      * visible, nothing else.
      * </p>
      * <p>Allowed packages (each member is visible unless explicitly denied):</p>
      * <ul>
      * <li>java.math</li>
      * <li>java.text</li>
      * <li>java.time, java.time.chrono, java.time.format, java.time.temporal, java.time.zone</li>
      * <li>java.util, java.util.concurrent, java.util.concurrent.atomic, java.util.function, java.util.stream, java.util.regex</li>
      * <li>java.nio, java.nio.charset</li>
      * <li>org.w3c.dom</li>
      * <li>java.lang (minus the denied classes below)</li>
      * <li>org.apache.commons.jexl3 (minus JexlBuilder)</li>
      * </ul>
      * <p>Denied classes / members (carved out of otherwise-allowed packages):</p>
      * <ul>
      * <li>java.lang { Runtime, System, ProcessBuilder, Process, RuntimePermission, SecurityManager, Thread, ThreadGroup, Class, ClassLoader }
      * and the system-property readers Integer.getInteger, Long.getLong, Boolean.getBoolean</li>
      * <li>java.io { everything except PrintWriter, Writer, StringWriter, Reader, InputStream, OutputStream }</li>
      * <li>java.util: the classes stay visible but their file/loader members are carved out -
      * Formatter and Scanner constructors (file I/O), Properties.load/store/loadFromXML/storeToXML/save (file I/O),
      * ResourceBundle.getBundle/clearCache and PropertyResourceBundle constructors (property-file/class loading),
      * ServiceLoader.load/loadInstalled (service/class loading). No file can be read or written and no class or
      * service loaded through java.util.</li>
      * <li>java.util.concurrent { Executors and the thread-pool / fork-join executor classes }</li>
      * <li>java.time.zone { ZoneRulesProvider } (prevents JVM-wide time-zone provider registration)</li>
      * <li>org.apache.commons.jexl3 { JexlBuilder }</li>
      * </ul>
      * <p>Notably absent (and therefore denied) are file/IO/persistence/loader-bearing packages such as
      * {@code java.util.zip}, {@code java.util.jar}, {@code java.util.prefs}, {@code java.util.logging},
      * {@code java.util.concurrent.locks}, {@code java.nio.file}, {@code java.lang.reflect},
      * {@code java.lang.invoke} and {@code org.w3c.dom.ls}.</p>
      * <p>A class is visible only when its <em>own</em> package or class declaration permits it; it is never made
      * visible merely because one of its super-types is allowed. Consequently a foreign implementation of an allowed
      * type (for instance a {@code java.util.Map} provided by another library) is not visible unless its own package
      * is explicitly allowed, e.g. {@code RESTRICTED.compose("com.example.foreign +{}")}. Use {@link #logging()} to
      * diagnose which elements are allowed or denied.</p>
      */
 
     JexlPermissions RESTRICTED = JexlPermissions.parse(
         "# Default Uberspect Permissions",
         "java.math +{}",
         "java.text +{}",
         "java.time +{}",
         "java.time.chrono +{}",
         "java.time.format +{}",
         "java.time.temporal +{}",
         "java.time.zone +{ -ZoneRulesProvider{} }",
         "java.util +{" +
             " -Formatter { Formatter(); }" +
             " -Scanner { Scanner(); }" +
             " -Properties { load(); store(); loadFromXML(); storeToXML(); save(); }" +
             " -ResourceBundle { getBundle(); clearCache(); }" +
             " -PropertyResourceBundle { PropertyResourceBundle(); }" +
             " -ServiceLoader { load(); loadInstalled(); }" +
             " }",
         "java.util.concurrent +{" +
             "-Executors{} -ExecutorService{} -AbstractExecutorService{}" +
             "-ThreadPoolExecutor{} -ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor{} -ScheduledExecutorService{}" +
             "-ForkJoinPool{} -ForkJoinTask{} -ForkJoinWorkerThread{}" +
             "}",
         "java.util.concurrent.atomic +{}",
         "java.util.function +{}",
         "java.util.stream +{}",
         "java.util.regex +{}",
         "org.w3c.dom +{}",
         "java.lang +{" +
             "-Runtime{} -System{} -ProcessBuilder{} -Process{}" +
             "-RuntimePermission{} -SecurityManager{}" +
             "-Thread{} -ThreadGroup{} -Class{} -ClassLoader{}" +
             "-Integer { getInteger(); } -Long { getLong(); } -Boolean { getBoolean(); }" +
             "}",
         "java.io -{ +PrintWriter{ -PrintWriter(); } +Writer{} +StringWriter{} +Reader{} +InputStream{} +OutputStream{} }",
         "java.nio +{}",
         "java.nio.charset +{}",
         "org.apache.commons.jexl3 +{ -JexlBuilder{} -JexlConfigLoader{} }"
     );
 
     /**
      * An absolute-minimum, allow-list-first permission set.
      * <p>This is the tightest sensible baseline: nothing is reachable unless explicitly whitelisted here.
      * It exposes only the safe {@code java.lang} value types, {@code java.math} big numbers and the
      * {@code java.util} collection types - enough for arithmetic, string and collection scripting.</p>
      * <p>Allowed:</p>
      * <ul>
      * <li>{@code java.lang}: {@code Object} (minus {@code getClass}/{@code wait}/{@code notify}/{@code notifyAll}),
      * {@code Number} and the boxed primitives, {@code String}, {@code CharSequence}, {@code StringBuilder},
      * {@code Math}, {@code Comparable}, {@code Iterable}; everything else in {@code java.lang}
      * (e.g. {@code System}, {@code Runtime}, {@code Thread}, {@code Class}, {@code ClassLoader}) is denied.</li>
      * <li>{@code java.math} (for {@code BigInteger}/{@code BigDecimal}, i.e. the {@code 1B}/{@code 1H} literals).</li>
      * <li>{@code java.util} - the collection types produced by list/map/set literals (and their iterators, views
      * and entries), <em>minus</em> the file/loader/thread-bearing classes which are denied: {@code Formatter} and
      * {@code Scanner} (file I/O), {@code ServiceLoader} and the {@code ResourceBundle} family (class/resource
      * loading), {@code Properties} (file {@code load}/{@code store}) and {@code Timer}/{@code TimerTask} (threads).
      * Because a positive package does not cover sub-packages, {@code java.util.zip}/{@code concurrent}/{@code jar}/…
      * stay denied as well.</li>
      * </ul>
      * <p><strong>Guarantee:</strong> no class that SECURE allows <em>by default</em> can read or write files, read
      * environment variables or system properties, load classes, or start threads. In particular {@code Object.getClass()}
      * is denied (so no {@link Class} can be obtained), and the boxed-type system-property readers
      * {@code Integer.getInteger}, {@code Long.getLong} and {@code Boolean.getBoolean} are denied.</p>
      * <p>SECURE is nonetheless a hardened baseline, <em>not</em> a turnkey sandbox: it is not exhaustive and must not be
      * considered sufficient on its own for executing untrusted user input. For that, define a tailored, strict whitelist
      * of exactly what your scripts need - ideally composed on top of {@link #NONE} - rather than relying on SECURE as-is.</p>
      * <p>Arithmetic, comparisons and string concatenation require no permission at all (they are handled by
      * {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlArithmetic}); ranges ({@code 1..n}) iterate as a language primitive.
      * Compose more in with {@link #compose(String...)} (e.g. {@code SECURE.compose("java.time +{}")}), and use
      * {@link #logging()} to discover what a script is denied.</p>
      * @since 3.7.0
      */
     JexlPermissions SECURE = JexlPermissions.parse(
         "# Absolute-minimum permissions: safe java.lang value types + java.math + java.util collections",
         "java.lang -{"
             + " +Object{ -getClass(); -wait(); -notify(); -notifyAll(); }"
             + " +Number{} +Boolean{ -getBoolean(); } "
             + " +Character{} +Byte{} +Short{} +Integer{ -getInteger(); } +Long{ -getLong(); } +Float{} +Double{}"
             + " +String{} +CharSequence{} +StringBuilder{} +Math{} +Comparable{} +Iterable{}"
             + " }",
         "java.math +{}",
         "java.util +{"
             + " -Formatter{} -Scanner{} -ServiceLoader{}"
             + " -ResourceBundle{} -PropertyResourceBundle{} -ListResourceBundle{}"
             + " -Properties{} -Timer{} -TimerTask{}"
             + " }"
     );
 
     /**
      * Parses a set of permissions.
      * <p>
      * In JEXL 3.3, the syntax recognizes 2 types of permissions:
      * </p>
      * <ul>
      * <li>Allowing access to a wildcard restricted set of packages. </li>
      * <li>Denying access to packages, classes (and inner classes), methods and fields</li>
      * </ul>
      * <p>Wildcards specifications determine the set of allowed packages. When empty, all packages can be
      * used. When using JEXL to expose functional elements, their packages should be exposed through wildcards.
      * These allow composing the volume of what is allowed by addition.</p>
      * <p>Restrictions behave exactly like the {@link org.apache.commons.jexl3.annotations.NoJexl} annotation;
      * they can restrict access to package, class, inner-class, methods and fields.
      *  These allow refining the volume of what is allowed by extrusion.</p>
      *  An example of a tight environment that would not allow scripts to wander could be:
      *  <pre>
      *  # allow a very restricted set of base classes
      *  java.math.*
      *  java.text.*
      *  java.util.*
      *  # deny classes that could pose a security risk
      *  java.lang { Runtime {} System {} ProcessBuilder {} Class {} }
      *  org.apache.commons.jexl3 { JexlBuilder {} }
      *  </pre>
      *  <p><b>Syntax Overview:</b></p>
      *  <ul>
      *  <li>Syntax for wildcards is the name of the package suffixed by {@code .*}.</li>
      *  <li>Syntax for restrictions is a list of package restrictions.</li>
      *  <li>A package restriction is a package name followed by a block (as in curly-bracket block {})
      *  that contains a list of class restrictions.</li>
      *  <li>A class restriction is a class name prefixed by an optional {@code -} or {@code +} sign
      *  followed by a block of member restrictions.</li>
      *  <li>A member restriction can be a class restriction - to restrict
      *  nested classes -, a field which is the Java field name suffixed with {@code ;}, a method composed of
      *  its Java name suffixed with {@code ();}. Constructor restrictions are specified like methods using the
      *  class name as method name.</li>
      *  </ul>
      *  <p><b>Negative ({@code -}) vs Positive ({@code +}) Restrictions:</b></p>
      *  <ul>
      *  <li><b>Negative restriction (default or {@code -} prefix)</b>: Explicitly <b>denies</b> access to the members
      *  declared in its block. If the block is empty, the entire class is denied.
      *  <br>Example: {@code java.lang { -System { exit(); } }} denies System.exit() but allows other System methods.
      *  <br>Example: {@code java.lang { Runtime {} }} denies the entire Runtime class (empty block means deny all).</li>
      *  <li><b>Positive restriction ({@code +} prefix)</b>: Explicitly <b>allows only</b> the members declared
      *  in its block, denying all others not listed. If the block is empty, the entire class is allowed.
      *  <br>Example: {@code java.lang { +System { currentTimeMillis(); } }} allows only System.currentTimeMillis(),
      *  denying all other System methods.
      *  <br>Example: {@code java.io -{ +PrintWriter{} +Writer{} }} in the context of a denied java.io package,
      *  allows only PrintWriter and Writer classes entirely (empty blocks mean allow all members).</li>
      *  </ul>
      *  <p>
      *  All overrides and overloads of constructors or methods are allowed or restricted at the same time,
      *  the restriction being based on their names, not their whole signature. This differs from the @NoJexl annotation.
      *  </p>
      *  <p><b>Complete Example:</b></p>
      *  <pre>
      *  # some wildcards
      *  java.util.* # java.util is pretty much a must-have
      *  my.allowed.package0.*
      *  another.allowed.package1.*
      *  # nojexl like restrictions
      *  my.package.internal {} # the whole package is hidden
      *  my.package {
      *   +class4 { theMethod(); } # POSITIVE: only theMethod can be called in class4, all others denied
      *   class0 {
      *     class1 {} # NEGATIVE (default): the whole class1 is hidden
      *     class2 {
      *         class2(); # class2 constructors cannot be invoked
      *         class3 {
      *             aMethod(); # aMethod cannot be called
      *             aField; # aField cannot be accessed
      *         }
      *     } # end of class2
      *     class0(); # class0 constructors cannot be invoked
      *     method(); # method cannot be called
      *     field; # field cannot be accessed
      *   } # end class0
      * } # end package my.package
      * </pre>
      *
      * @param src the permissions source, the default (NoJexl aware) permissions if null
      * @return the permissions instance
      * @since 3.3
      */
     static JexlPermissions parse(final String... src) {
         return new PermissionsParser().parse(src);
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a permission set from scratch: everything is denied unless a rule explicitly allows it.
      * <p>Equivalent to composing the rules onto {@link #NONE}. Use positive declarations - for instance
      * {@code "java.lang { +String{} }"} or {@code "java.util.*"} - to grant access; {@code create()} with no
      * rules denies everything. This differs from {@link #parse(String...)}, whose empty form
      * ({@link #UNRESTRICTED}) allows everything.</p>
      *
      * @param rules the permission DSL declarations
      * @return the closed-world permission set
      * @since 3.7.0
      */
     static JexlPermissions create(final String... rules) {
         return NONE.compose(rules);
     }
 
     /**
      * Wraps these permissions in a {@link LoggingPermissions} that logs every allow/deny decision.
      * <p>Useful to discover which reflective elements a permission set allows or denies.</p>
      *
      * @return a logging view of these permissions
      * @since 3.7.0
      */
     default JexlPermissions logging() {
         return new LoggingPermissions(this);
     }
 
     /**
      * Wraps these permissions in a {@link LoggingPermissions} that logs every allow/deny decision
      * to a named logger.
      *
      * @param loggerName the name of the logger to log decisions to
      * @return a logging view of these permissions
      * @since 3.7.0
      */
     default JexlPermissions logging(final String loggerName) {
         return new LoggingPermissions(loggerName, this);
     }
 
     /**
      * Wraps these permissions in a {@link LoggingPermissions} that logs every allow/deny decision
      * to the given logger.
      *
      * @param log the logger to log decisions to
      * @return a logging view of these permissions
      * @since 3.7.0
      */
     default JexlPermissions logging(final Log log) {
         return new LoggingPermissions(log, this);
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks whether a class allows JEXL introspection.
      * <p>If the class disallows JEXL introspection, none of its constructors, methods or fields
      * as well as derived classes are visible to JEXL and cannot be used in scripts or expressions.
      * If one of its super-classes is not allowed, tbe class is not allowed either.</p>
      * <p>For interfaces, only methods and fields are disallowed in derived interfaces or implementing classes.</p>
      *
      * @param clazz the class to check
      * @return true if JEXL is allowed to introspect, false otherwise
      * @since 3.3
      */
     boolean allow(Class<?> clazz);
 
     /**
      * Checks whether a constructor allows JEXL introspection.
      * <p>If a constructor is not allowed, the new operator cannot be used to instantiate its declared class
      * in scripts or expressions.</p>
      *
      * @param ctor the constructor to check
      * @return true if JEXL is allowed to introspect, false otherwise
      * @since 3.3
      */
     boolean allow(Constructor<?> ctor);
 
     /**
      * Checks whether a field explicitly allows JEXL introspection.
      * <p>If a field is not allowed, it cannot be resolved and accessed in scripts or expressions.</p>
      *
      * @param field the field to check
      * @return true if JEXL is allowed to introspect, false otherwise
      * @since 3.3
      */
     boolean allow(Field field);
 
     /**
      * Checks whether a field explicitly allows JEXL introspection.
      * <p>If a field is not allowed, it cannot be resolved and accessed in scripts or expressions.</p>
      * @param clazz the class from which the field is accessed, used to check that the field is allowed for this class
      * @param field the field to check
      * @return true if JEXL is allowed to introspect, false otherwise
      * @since 3.6.3
    */
     default boolean allow(Class<?> clazz, Field field) {
       return allow(field);
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks whether a method allows JEXL introspection.
      * <p>If a method is not allowed, it cannot be resolved and called in scripts or expressions.</p>
      * <p>Since methods can be overridden and overloaded, this also checks that no superclass or interface
      * explicitly disallows this method.</p>
      *
      * @param method the method to check
      * @return true if JEXL is allowed to introspect, false otherwise
      * @since 3.3
      */
     boolean allow(Method method);
 
     /**
      * Checks whether a method allows JEXL introspection.
      * <p>If a method is not allowed, it cannot be resolved and called in scripts or expressions.</p>
      * <p>Since methods can be overridden and overloaded, this checks that this class explicitly allows
      * this method - superseding any superclass or interface specified permissions.</p>
      *
      * @param clazz the class from which the method is accessed, used to check that the method is allowed for this class
      * @param method the method to check
      * @return true if JEXL is allowed to introspect, false otherwise
      * @since 3.6.3
      */
     default boolean allow(Class<?> clazz, Method method) {
       return allow(method);
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks whether a package allows JEXL introspection.
      * <p>If the package disallows JEXL introspection, none of its classes or interfaces are visible
      * to JEXL and cannot be used in scripts or expression.</p>
      *
      * @param pack the package
      * @return true if JEXL is allowed to introspect, false otherwise
      * @since 3.3
      */
     boolean allow(Package pack);
 
     /**
      * Compose these permissions with a new set.
      * <p>This is a convenience method meant to easily give access to the packages JEXL is
      * used to integrate with. For instance, using <code>{@link #RESTRICTED}.compose("com.my.app.*")</code>
      * would extend the restricted set of permissions by allowing the com.my.app package.</p>
      *
      * @param src the new constraints
      * @return the new permissions
      */
     JexlPermissions compose(String... src);
 
     /**
      * Checks that a class is valid for permission check.
      *
      * @param clazz the class
      * @return true if the class is not null, false otherwise
      */
     default boolean validate(final Class<?> clazz) {
         return clazz != null;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks that a constructor is valid for permission check.
      *
      * @param constructor the constructor
      * @return true if constructor is not null and public, false otherwise
      */
     default boolean validate(final Constructor<?> constructor) {
         return constructor != null && Modifier.isPublic(constructor.getModifiers());
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks that a field is valid for permission check.
      *
      * @param field the constructor
      * @return true if field is not null and public, false otherwise
      */
     default boolean validate(final Field field) {
         return field != null && Modifier.isPublic(field.getModifiers());
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks that a method is valid for permission check.
      *
      * @param method the method
      * @return true if method is not null and public, false otherwise
      */
     default boolean validate(final Method method) {
         return method != null && Modifier.isPublic(method.getModifiers());
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks that a package is valid for permission check.
      *
      * @param pack the package
      * @return true if the class is not null, false otherwise
      */
     default boolean validate(final Package pack) {
         return pack != null;
     }
 }